The following is a guest post from Rostyslav Bortman, Founder at Ethereum Ukraine.

Let’s face it: although 2024 was a year of technological success for Ethereum, it was also a year of financial disappointment.

On the one hand, Dencun was finally deployed, and activity on Layer 2 networks in the ecosystem skyrocketed 4 times.

On the other, Ethereum began to lag behind Solana in terms of the number of developers, and ETH’s dynamics did not meet investors’ expectations. 

Nevertheless, Ethereum’s technological structure ensures strong expectations for its growth. Today, we already have all the tools to create more convenient and efficient solutions. It is their implementation that remains a challenge.

In this article, we take a look at the main changes that Ethereum will face in 2025 and how new technological concepts and a growing focus on real-world applications can finally make the protocol truly user-friendly for the masses.

Native Interoperability in L2 Clusters

Today, most projects operating on multiple rollups have to rely on bridges (such as Across) or custom solutions to interact between networks. There is no full-fledged native interoperability yet – everything is tied to separate protocols that manually stitch the ecosystem together.

However, by 2025, I expect that native interoperability will appear at least within certain L2 clusters (superchain, elastic chain, aggregation layer). This means that transactions and data will be able to move between different rollups quickly and reliably without bridges, centralised oracles, or intermediaries.

Indeed, Vitalik Buterin believes that the main problem remains the lack of unified cross-chain standards that would be accepted by most rollups. But even without this, the fact of the emergence of built-in interoperability will form a new narrative in Layer 2 and attract more resources to this topic, as well as draw more at

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Author: Rostyslav Bortman